While under Ottoman Rule, the language spoken in Turkey was Arabic. In numerous places you will see Arabic signs. And those who read the Quran may understand Arabic. However, in 1923 when Atatürk became the first leader under The Republic of Turkey, he adopted the Latin Alphabet (luckily for me!).
There are 29 letters in the Turkish Alphabet. Each letter only has one sound, as opposed to English, which has long/short vowels and hard/soft sounds. So, after learning the alphabet and their sounds, I was reading Turkish within a couple of days. Understanding what I am reading, now that's another story.
The Turkish Alphabet
A B C Ç D E F G Ğ H I İ J K L M N O Ö P R S Ş T U Ü V Y Z
The main difference in pronunciation are:
C (j), Ç (ch), Ğ (silent), I (uh), J (zha), Ö (er), Ş (sh), Ü (ew)
Nicole Note: I haven't figured out the purpose of the Ğ, as it is silent.
Basic words
Hello: Merhaba
Goodbye: Hoşça Kal OR Gule Gule
Please: Lutfen
Thank you: Teşekkür Ederim
Yes: Evet
No: Hayır
And the all important...
Where's the bathroom?: Tuvalet nerede?
Numbers
1: Bir (beer)
2: İki (eekee)
3: Üç (ewch)
4: Dört (dert)
5: Beş (besh)
6: Altı (altuh)
7: Yedi (yedee)
8: Sekiz (sekeez)
9: Dokuz (dokooz)
10: On (not like the English "on", but with a long "o" like in "go")
Days of the week
Friday: Cuma
Saturday: Cumartesi
Sunday: Pazar
Monday: Pazartesi
Tuesday: Salı
Wednesday: Çarşamba
Thursday: Perşembe
Turkish (T) words similar to English (E) or Spanish (S) words I know
Table (E); Mesa (S); Masa (T)
T-Shirt (E); Tişort (T)
Helicopter (E); Helikopter (T)
Beach (E); Playa (S); Plaj (T)
*A lot of modern technology is the same in Turkish as it is in English.
Compound words make learning easier!
Every: Her
Time: Zaman
Thing: Şey
Day: Gün
Everytime (Always): Her Zaman
Everything: Herşey
Each (Every one): Her bir
Mom: Anne
Dad: Baba
Paternal Grandmother: BabaAnne
Maternal Grandmother: AnneAnne
Many words can be figured out by breaking them down. In fact, a verb in Turkish is similar to Spanish, where the word is created by the verb+person doing the action.
Gitiyorum: I am going (Git: go + iyorum: I am)
However, "Köpekbalık" tricked me on a recent trip to the aquarium.
Köpek: Dog
Balık: Fish
Köpekbalık: Shark
I thought the aquarium had a dogfish!!!